Phenacetin (CAS No. 62-44-2): A Comprehensive Guide

Phenacetin, identified by its CAS number 62-44-2, is a compound that has played a significant role in the realm of pain relief and fever reduction. Once hailed as a non-opioid analgesic and fever reducer, phenacetin was widely utilized to alleviate a variety of ailments, including headaches, joint pain, neuralgia, and fever. In this guide, we'll delve into the intricacies of phenacetin, exploring its properties, historical uses, safety considerations, and current status.

Understanding Phenacetin: Properties and Composition

Phenacetin is characterized as a white crystalline solid with a slightly bitter taste and no discernible odor. Chemically, it is classified as a non-opioid analgesic, belonging to the para-aminophenol derivatives group. Its structure is similar to that of acetaminophen (paracetamol), another widely used pain reliever and fever reducer.

Historical Uses of Phenacetin

Analgesic and Fever Reducer

Phenacetin gained prominence in the late 19th and early 20th centuries as a reliable analgesic and fever reducer. It was commonly used to alleviate various types of pain, including headaches, joint pain, and neuralgia. Additionally, phenacetin was valued for its ability to reduce fever, making it a staple in many households for treating colds and flu.

Evolution of Usage: From Standalone Drug to Raw Material

Decline in Solo Use

Despite its effectiveness in pain relief and fever reduction, phenacetin's popularity waned due to concerns about its safety and potential side effects. Prolonged or excessive use of phenacetin was found to be associated with adverse health effects, including kidney damage and carcinogenicity. As a result, phenacetin is no longer used as a standalone medication for pain relief or fever reduction in many countries.

Transition to Combination Therapy

While phenacetin is no longer used alone, it continues to play a role in pharmaceutical formulations as a raw material. It is often combined with other drugs, such as aspirin and caffeine, to create combination therapies for treating the common cold and flu. These combinations provide the benefits of pain relief and fever reduction while minimizing the risk of adverse effects associated with phenacetin.

Safety Considerations and Regulatory Status

Toxic Side Effects

Prolonged or excessive use of phenacetin has been linked to several toxic side effects, including renal toxicity and carcinogenicity. The accumulation of phenacetin metabolites in the kidneys can lead to kidney damage and impairment, while its carcinogenic properties raise concerns about its long-term safety.

Regulatory Measures

In response to safety concerns, regulatory agencies in many countries have taken action to restrict the use of phenacetin in pharmaceutical products. In the United States, phenacetin was withdrawn from the market in the 1980s due to its association with adverse health effects. Today, its use is strictly regulated, and it is only permitted as a raw material in combination therapies under controlled conditions.

Conclusion: Navigating the Legacy of Phenacetin

In conclusion, phenacetin (CAS No. 62-44-2) has left an indelible mark on the history of pain relief and fever reduction. Once revered for its efficacy in treating various ailments, phenacetin's reputation was tarnished by concerns about its safety and toxic side effects. While it is no longer used as a standalone medication, phenacetin continues to find utility as a raw material in combination therapies for the common cold and flu.

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